Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine
candidates: State of the art and future prospects
#MMPMID33594794
Arashkia A
; Jalilvand S
; Mohajel N
; Afchangi A
; Azadmanesh K
; Salehi-Vaziri M
; Fazlalipour M
; Pouriayevali MH
; Jalali T
; Mousavi Nasab SD
; Roohvand F
; Shoja Z
Rev Med Virol
2021[May]; 31
(3
): e2183
PMID33594794
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for a global pandemic
that started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. To prevent the worldwide spread of
this highly pathogenic virus, development of an effective and safe vaccine is
urgently needed. The SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share a high degree of genetic and
pathologic identity and share safety and immune-enhancement concerns regarding
vaccine development. Prior animal studies with first generation (whole
virus-based) preparations of SARS-CoV vaccines (inactivated and attenuated
vaccine modalities) indicated the possibility of increased infectivity or
eosinophilic infiltration by immunization. Therefore, development of second and
third generation safer vaccines (by using modern vaccine platforms) is actively
sought for this viral infection. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoVs is the main
determinant of cell entry and tropism and is responsible for facilitating
zoonosis into humans and sustained person-to-person transmission. Furthermore,
'S' protein contains multiple neutralizing epitopes that play an essential role
in the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and protective immunity.
Moreover, T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 'S' protein have also been
characterized that correlate to the IgG and IgA antibody titres in Covid-19
patients. Thus, S protein is an obvious candidate antigen for inclusion into
vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. This manuscript reviews
different characteristics of S protein, its potency and 'state of the art' of the
vaccine development strategies and platforms using this antigen, for construction
of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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