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Supply Chain Disruption Management
2020[]; 291
(?): 1-16
PMIDC7316093
show ga
A typical global supply chain in modern industry is a cyber-physical network of
multiple part suppliers at different geographical locations and multiple
production plants and distribution centers, where supplied parts are assembled
into finished products and next distributed to customers. Figure 1.1 shows a
schematic diagram of a multi-tier supply chain network, where each vertical level
(suppliers, producers, distribution centers, customers) is called a tier or
echelon, and the arcs represent material flows. For example, a large and complex
multi-tier supply chain network of Ford Motor Company (e.g., Simchi-Levi et al.
2015) consists of over 50 manufacturing plants, ten tiers of suppliers, including
1400 tier 1 supplier companies with 4400 manufacturing sites in over 60
countries. Six million vehicles produced annually, require 55,000 different part
types with a complex bill of materials.