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2020 ; 739
(ä): 139076
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SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and research needs
#MMPMID32758929
Kitajima M
; Ahmed W
; Bibby K
; Carducci A
; Gerba CP
; Hamilton KA
; Haramoto E
; Rose JB
Sci Total Environ
2020[Oct]; 739
(ä): 139076
PMID32758929
show ga
The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern, which was officially declared by the
World Health Organization. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae
that consists of a group of enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genome,
which cause diseases ranging from common colds to acute respiratory distress
syndrome. Although the major transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 are inhalation of
aerosol/droplet and person-to-person contact, currently available evidence
indicates that the viral RNA is present in wastewater, suggesting the need to
better understand wastewater as potential sources of epidemiological data and
human health risks. Here, we review the current knowledge related to the
potential of wastewater surveillance to understand the epidemiology of COVID-19,
methodologies for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater,
and information relevant for human health risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2. There
has been growing evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2
infections and the presence of viral RNA not only in feces of infected
individuals but also in wastewater. One of the major challenges in SARS-CoV-2
detection/quantification in wastewater samples is the lack of an optimized and
standardized protocol. Currently available data are also limited for conducting a
quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for SARS-CoV-2 exposure pathways.
However, modeling-based approaches have a potential role to play in reducing the
impact of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, QMRA parameters obtained
from previous studies on relevant respiratory viruses help to inform risk
assessments of SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding on the potential role of wastewater
in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is largely limited by knowledge gaps in its
occurrence, persistence, and removal in wastewater. There is an urgent need for
further research to establish methodologies for wastewater surveillance and
understand the implications of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater.
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