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Microbial Forensics
2005[]; ? (?): 55-97
PMIDC7149634
show ga
This chapter introduces basic concepts of virology and exemplifies the usage of
current technology for identifying and tracking viral pathogens. Virus structure,
lifestyle, replication strategies, classication, the varied modes of
transmission, infection, and disease manifestations are focussed upon in the
chapter. Viruses are extremely simple ?life? forms without metabolic capacity,
organelles, translational machinery, or autonomous replicative potential; the
essential elements of a virus are consequently minimal. A virus enters the host
through any opportunistic opening of the body?; such as minute breaks in the skin
barrier or mucosal linings of the eye, nose, etc. Antibodies produced during an
infection often have the ability to bind the virus and reduce infectivity. An
immediate question to solve during a virus outbreak is the mechanism by which the
virus spreads. Viruses frequently infect animal or insect vectors that serve to
pass the virus to humans. By identifying the virus through sequence analysis, a
hypothetical reservoir can be predicted by the placement of the sequence on the
phylogenetic tree? The varied modes of transmission, infection, and disease
manifestations as they relate to the different diagnostic methods for virus
identification are highlighted. Examples of naturally emerging viruses; such as
Sin Nombre, Nipah, West Nile conclude the chapter. New technologies that allow
the creation of manmade or ?engineered? viruses, new frontiers in viral
diagnostics, and a few thoughts on the future of virology are also presented. The
global eradication of smallpox ranks as one of humankind's greatest
accomplishments yet many viral challenges remain. HIV, hepatitis B and C,
influenza, dengue, rotavirus, and many other viral diseases continue to affect
tens of millions.
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