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Deregulation of Negative Controls on TGF-?1 Signaling in Tumor Progression #MMPMID29799477
Tang J; Gifford CC; Samarakoon R; Higgins PJ
Cancers (Basel) 2018[Jun]; 10 (6): ä PMID29799477show ga
The multi-functional cytokine transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1) has growth inhibitory and anti-inflammatory roles during homeostasis and the early stages of cancer. Aberrant TGF-? activation in the late-stages of tumorigenesis, however, promotes development of aggressive growth characteristics and metastatic spread. Given the critical importance of this growth factor in fibrotic and neoplastic disorders, the TGF-?1 network is subject to extensive, multi-level negative controls that impact receptor function, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3 (SMAD2/3) activation, intracellular signal bifurcation into canonical and non-canonical pathways and target gene promotor engagement. Such negative regulators include phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), protein phosphatase magnesium 1A (PPM1A), Klotho, bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7), SMAD7, Sloan-Kettering Institute proto-oncogene/ Ski related novel gene (Ski/SnoN), and bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound Inhibitor (BAMBI). The progression of certain cancers is accompanied by loss of expression, overexpression, mislocalization, mutation or deletion of several endogenous repressors of the TGF-?1 cascade, further modulating signal duration/intensity and phenotypic reprogramming. This review addresses how their aberrant regulation contributes to cellular plasticity, tumor progression/metastasis and reversal of cell cycle arrest and discusses the unexplored therapeutic value of restoring the expression and/or function of these factors as a novel approach to cancer treatment.