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2018 ; 9
(1
): 522-554
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Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and
their mechanisms of action
#MMPMID28362216
Roy R
; Tiwari M
; Donelli G
; Tiwari V
Virulence
2018[Jan]; 9
(1
): 522-554
PMID28362216
show ga
Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either
attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates.
The biofilm matrix surrounding bacteria makes them tolerant to harsh conditions
and resistant to antibacterial treatments. Moreover, the biofilms are responsible
for causing a broad range of chronic diseases and due to the emergence of
antibiotic resistance in bacteria it has really become difficult to treat them
with efficacy. Furthermore, the antibiotics available till date are ineffective
for treating these biofilm related infections due to their higher values of
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC), which may result in in-vivo toxicity. Hence, it is critically important to
design or screen anti-biofilm molecules that can effectively minimize and
eradicate biofilm related infections. In the present article, we have highlighted
the mechanism of biofilm formation with reference to different models and various
methods used for biofilm detection. A major focus has been put on various
anti-biofilm molecules discovered or tested till date which may include herbal
active compounds, chelating agents, peptide antibiotics, lantibiotics and
synthetic chemical compounds along with their structures, mechanism of action and
their respective MICs, MBCs, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) as
well as the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values available in
the literature so far. Different mode of action of anti biofilm molecules
addressed here are inhibition via interference in the quorum sensing pathways,
adhesion mechanism, disruption of extracellular DNA, protein,
lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides and secondary messengers involved in
various signaling pathways. From this study, we conclude that the molecules
considered here might be used to treat biofilm-associated infections after
significant structural modifications, thereby investigating its effective
delivery in the host. It should also be ensured that minimum effective
concentration of these molecules must be capable of eradicating biofilm
infections with maximum potency without posing any adverse side effects on the
host.