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2017 ; 13
(12
): 731-749
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Isolation and characterization of urinary extracellular vesicles: implications
for biomarker discovery
#MMPMID29081510
Merchant ML
; Rood IM
; Deegens JKJ
; Klein JB
Nat Rev Nephrol
2017[Dec]; 13
(12
): 731-749
PMID29081510
show ga
Urine is a valuable diagnostic medium and, with the discovery of urinary
extracellular vesicles, is viewed as a dynamic bioactive fluid. Extracellular
vesicles are lipid-enclosed structures that can be classified into three
categories: exosomes, microvesicles (or ectosomes) and apoptotic bodies. This
classification is based on the mechanisms by which membrane vesicles are formed:
fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membranes (exosomes), budding of
vesicles directly from the plasma membrane (microvesicles) or those shed from
dying cells (apoptotic bodies). During their formation, urinary extracellular
vesicles incorporate various cell-specific components (proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids) that can be transferred to target cells. The rigour needed for
comparative studies has fueled the search for optimal approaches for their
isolation, purification, and characterization. RNA, the newest extracellular
vesicle component to be discovered, has received substantial attention as an
extracellular vesicle therapeutic, and compelling evidence suggests that ex vivo
manipulation of microRNA composition may have uses in the treatment of kidney
disorders. The results of these studies are building the case that urinary
extracellular vesicles act as mediators of renal pathophysiology. As the field of
extracellular vesicle studies is burgeoning, this Review focuses on primary data
obtained from studies of human urine rather than on data from studies of
laboratory animals or cultured immortalized cells.
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