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2018 ; 115
(16
): E3702-E3711
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Comprehensive, high-resolution binding energy landscapes reveal context
dependencies of transcription factor binding
#MMPMID29588420
Le DD
; Shimko TC
; Aditham AK
; Keys AM
; Longwell SA
; Orenstein Y
; Fordyce PM
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2018[Apr]; 115
(16
): E3702-E3711
PMID29588420
show ga
Transcription factors (TFs) are primary regulators of gene expression in cells,
where they bind specific genomic target sites to control transcription.
Quantitative measurements of TF-DNA binding energies can improve the accuracy of
predictions of TF occupancy and downstream gene expression in vivo and shed light
on how transcriptional networks are rewired throughout evolution. Here, we
present a sequencing-based TF binding assay and analysis pipeline (BET-seq, for
Binding Energy Topography by sequencing) capable of providing quantitative
estimates of binding energies for more than one million DNA sequences in parallel
at high energetic resolution. Using this platform, we measured the binding
energies associated with all possible combinations of 10 nucleotides flanking the
known consensus DNA target interacting with two model yeast TFs, Pho4 and Cbf1. A
large fraction of these flanking mutations change overall binding energies by an
amount equal to or greater than consensus site mutations, suggesting that current
definitions of TF binding sites may be too restrictive. By systematically
comparing estimates of binding energies output by deep neural networks (NNs) and
biophysical models trained on these data, we establish that dinucleotide (DN)
specificities are sufficient to explain essentially all variance in observed
binding behavior, with Cbf1 binding exhibiting significantly more nonadditivity
than Pho4. NN-derived binding energies agree with orthogonal biochemical
measurements and reveal that dynamically occupied sites in vivo are both
energetically and mutationally distant from the highest affinity sites.