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Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Methods+Mol+Biol 2015 ; 1229 (ä): 253-68 Nephropedia Template TP
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A transgenic approach to live imaging of heparan sulfate modification patterns #MMPMID25325959
Attreed M; Bülow HE
Methods Mol Biol 2015[]; 1229 (ä): 253-68 PMID25325959show ga
Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains contain highly modified HS domains that are separated by sections of sparse or no modification. HS domains are central to the role of HS in protein binding and mediating protein-protein interactions in the extracellular matrix. Since HS domains are not genetically encoded, they are impossible to visualize and study with conventional methods in vivo. Here we describe a transgenic approach using previously described single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies that bind HS in vitro and on tissue sections with different specificities. By engineering a secretion signal and a fluorescent protein to the scFvs and transgenically expressing these fluorescently tagged antibodies in Caenorhabditis elegans, we are able to directly visualize specific HS domains in live animals (1). The approach allows concomitant colabeling of multiple epitopes, the study of HS dynamics and, could lend itself to a genetic analysis of HS domain biosynthesis or to visualize other non-genetically encoded or posttranslational modifications.