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2018 ; 104
(6
): 460-467
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Molecular imaging of atherosclerosis: spotlight on Raman spectroscopy and
surface-enhanced Raman scattering
#MMPMID29061690
MacRitchie N
; Grassia G
; Noonan J
; Garside P
; Graham D
; Maffia P
Heart
2018[Mar]; 104
(6
): 460-467
PMID29061690
show ga
To accurately predict atherosclerotic plaque progression, a detailed phenotype of
the lesion at the molecular level is required. Here, we assess the respective
merits and limitations of molecular imaging tools. Clinical imaging includes
contrast-enhanced ultrasound, an inexpensive and non-toxic technique but with
poor sensitivity. CT benefits from high spatial resolution but poor sensitivity
coupled with an increasing radiation burden that limits multiplexing. Despite
high sensitivity, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission
tomography have disadvantages when applied to multiplex molecular imaging due to
poor spatial resolution, signal cross talk and increasing radiation dose. In
contrast, MRI is non-toxic, displays good spatial resolution but poor
sensitivity. Preclinical techniques include near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF),
which provides good spatial resolution and sensitivity; however, multiplexing
with NIRF is limited, due to photobleaching and spectral overlap. Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are label-free techniques
that detect molecules based on the vibrations of chemical bonds. Both techniques
offer fast acquisition times with Raman showing superior spatial resolution.
Raman signals are inherently weak; however, leading to the development of
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) that offers greatly increased
sensitivity due to using metallic nanoparticles that can be functionalised with
biomolecules targeted against plaque ligands while offering high multiplexing
potential. This asset combined with high spatial resolution makes SERS an
exciting prospect as a diagnostic tool. The ongoing refinements of SERS
technologies such as deep tissue imaging and portable systems making SERS a
realistic prospect for translation to the clinic.
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