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Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Chromosome+Res 2018 ; 26 (1): 5-23 Nephropedia Template TP
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Transposable elements: genome innovation, chromosome diversity, and centromere conflict #MMPMID29332159
Klein SJ; O?Neill RJ
Chromosome Res 2018[]; 26 (1): 5-23 PMID29332159show ga
Although it was nearly 70 years ago when transposable elements (TEs) were first discovered ?jumping? from one genomic location to another, TEs are now recognized as contributors to genomic innovations as well as genome instability across a wide variety of species. In this review, we illustrate the ways in which active TEs, specifically retroelements, can create novel chromosome rearrangements and impact gene expression, leading to disease in some cases and species-specific diversity in others. We explore the ways in which eukaryotic genomes have evolved defense mechanisms to temper TE activity and the ways in which TEs continue to influence genome structure despite being rendered transpositionally inactive. Finally, we focus on the role of TEs in the establishment, maintenance, and stabilization of critical, yet rapidly evolving, chromosome features: eukaryotic centromeres. Across centromeres, specific types of TEs participate in genomic conflict, a balancing act wherein they are actively inserting into centromeric domains yet are harnessed for the recruitment of centromeric histones and potentially new centromere formation.