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2018 ; 26
(1-2
): 93-111
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Warning SINEs: Alu elements, evolution of the human brain, and the spectrum of
neurological disease
#MMPMID29460123
Larsen PA
; Hunnicutt KE
; Larsen RJ
; Yoder AD
; Saunders AM
Chromosome Res
2018[Mar]; 26
(1-2
): 93-111
PMID29460123
show ga
Alu elements are a highly successful family of primate-specific retrotransposons
that have fundamentally shaped primate evolution, including the evolution of our
own species. Alus play critical roles in the formation of neurological networks
and the epigenetic regulation of biochemical processes throughout the central
nervous system (CNS), and thus are hypothesized to have contributed to the origin
of human cognition. Despite the benefits that Alus provide, deleterious Alu
activity is associated with a number of neurological and neurodegenerative
disorders. In particular, neurological networks are potentially vulnerable to the
epigenetic dysregulation of Alu elements operating across the suite of
nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that are critical for both mitochondrial and
CNS function. Here, we highlight the beneficial neurological aspects of Alu
elements as well as their potential to cause disease by disrupting key cellular
processes across the CNS. We identify at least 37 neurological and
neurodegenerative disorders wherein deleterious Alu activity has been implicated
as a contributing factor for the manifestation of disease, and for many of these
disorders, this activity is operating on genes that are essential for proper
mitochondrial function. We conclude that the epigenetic dysregulation of Alu
elements can ultimately disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis within the CNS. This
mechanism is a plausible source for the incipient neuronal stress that is
consistently observed across a spectrum of sporadic neurological and
neurodegenerative disorders.