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Vesiculated Long Non-Coding RNAs: Offshore Packages Deciphering Trans-Regulation
between Cells, Cancer Progression and Resistance to Therapies
#MMPMID29657282
Fatima F
; Nawaz M
Noncoding RNA
2017[Feb]; 3
(1
): ? PMID29657282
show ga
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles secreted from virtually all
cell types and are thought to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) between cells. Since, ncRNAs are central to
transcriptional regulation during developmental processes; eukaryotes might have
evolved novel means of post-transcriptional regulation by trans-locating ncRNAs
between cells. EV-mediated transportation of regulatory elements provides a novel
source of trans-regulation between cells. In the last decade, studies were mainly
focused on microRNAs; however, functions of long ncRNA (lncRNA) have been much
less studied. Here, we review the regulatory roles of EV-linked ncRNAs, placing a
particular focus on lncRNAs, how they can foster dictated patterns of
trans-regulation in recipient cells. This refers to envisaging novel mechanisms
of epigenetic regulation, cellular reprogramming and genomic instability elicited
in recipient cells, ultimately permitting the generation of cancer initiating
cell phenotypes, senescence and resistance to chemotherapies. Conversely, such
trans-regulation may introduce RNA interference in recipient cancer cells causing
the suppression of oncogenes and anti-apoptotic proteins; thus favoring tumor
inhibition. Collectively, understanding these mechanisms could be of great value
to EV-based RNA therapeutics achieved through gene manipulation within cancer
cells, whereas the ncRNA content of EVs from cancer patients could serve as
non-invasive source of diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators in
response to therapies.
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