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2018 ; 9
(ä): 265
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English Wikipedia
Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Their Putative Role in the Development of
Autoimmune Disorders Such as Multiple Sclerosis
#MMPMID29515547
Gröger V
; Cynis H
Front Microbiol
2018[]; 9
(ä): 265
PMID29515547
show ga
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of retroviral germ line
infections of human ancestors and make up ~8% of the human genome. Under
physiological conditions, these elements are frequently inactive or
non-functional due to deactivating mutations and epigenetic control. However,
they can be reactivated under certain pathological conditions and produce viral
transcripts and proteins. Several disorders, like multiple sclerosis or
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are associated with increased HERV expression.
Although their detailed contribution to individual diseases has yet to be
elucidated, an increasing number of studies in vitro and in vivo suggest HERVs as
potent modulators of the immune system. They are able to affect the transcription
of other immune-related genes, interact with pattern recognition receptors, and
influence the positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes.
Interestingly, HERV envelope proteins can both stimulate and suppress immune
responses based on different mechanisms. In the light of HERV proteins becoming
an emerging drug target for autoimmune-related disorders and cancer, we will
provide an overview on recent findings of the complex interactions between HERVs
and the human immune system with a focus on autoimmunity.