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10.1120/jacmp.v1i3.2643 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1120/jacmp.v1i3.2643 C5726169!5726169!11674825     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=11674825&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       J+Appl+Clin+Med+Phys 2000 ; 1 (3): 108-15 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=11674825|t=2000. Comparison between TG?51 and TG?21: Calibration of photon and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers |pdf=|usr=}}{{11674825}} gab.com Text Comparison between TG 51 and TG 21: Calibration of photon and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers JO: J Appl Clin Med Phys http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=11674825 #FOAvip A new calibration protocol, developed by the AAPM Task Group 51 (TG?51) to replace the TG?21 protocol, is based on an absorbed?dose to water standard and calibration factor (ND,w), while the TG?21 protocol is based on an exposure (or air?kerma) standard and calibration factor (Nx). Because of differences between these standards and the two protocols, the results of clinical reference dosimetry based on TG?51 may be somewhat different from those based on TG?21. The Radiological Physics Center has conducted a systematic comparison between the two protocols, in which photon and electron beam outputs following both protocols were compared under identical conditions. Cylindrical chambers used in this study were selected from the list given in the TG?51 report, covering the majority of current manufacturers. Measured ratios between absorbed?dose and air?kerma calibration factors, derived from the standards traceable to the NIST, were compared with calculated values using the TG?21 protocol. The comparison suggests that there is roughly a 1% discrepancy between measured and calculated ratios. This discrepancy may provide a reasonable measure of possible changes between the absorbed?dose to water determined by TG?51 and that determined by TG?21 for photon beam calibrations. The typical change in a 6 MV photon beam calibration following the implementation of the TG?51 protocol was about 1%, regardless of the chamber used, and the change was somewhat smaller for an 18 MV photon beam. On the other hand, the results for 9 and 16 MeV electron beams show larger changes up to 2%, perhaps because of the updated electron stopping power data used for the TG?51 protocol, in addition to the inherent 1% discrepancy presented in the calibration factors. The results also indicate that the changes may be dependent on the electron energy.PACS number(s): 87.66.?a, 87.53.?j Twit Text FOAVip Comparison between TG 51 and TG 21: Calibration of photon and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers ????J Appl Clin Med Phys http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=11674825 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=11674825 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|11674825}}</ref> Comparison between TG?51 and TG?21: Calibration of photon and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers #MMPMID11674825 Cho SH; Lowenstein JR; Balter PA; Wells NH; Hanson WF J Appl Clin Med Phys 2000[Sum]; 1 (3): 108-15 PMID11674825show ga A new calibration protocol, developed by the AAPM Task Group 51 (TG?51) to replace the TG?21 protocol, is based on an absorbed?dose to water standard and calibration factor (ND,w), while the TG?21 protocol is based on an exposure (or air?kerma) standard and calibration factor (Nx). Because of differences between these standards and the two protocols, the results of clinical reference dosimetry based on TG?51 may be somewhat different from those based on TG?21. The Radiological Physics Center has conducted a systematic comparison between the two protocols, in which photon and electron beam outputs following both protocols were compared under identical conditions. Cylindrical chambers used in this study were selected from the list given in the TG?51 report, covering the majority of current manufacturers. Measured ratios between absorbed?dose and air?kerma calibration factors, derived from the standards traceable to the NIST, were compared with calculated values using the TG?21 protocol. The comparison suggests that there is roughly a 1% discrepancy between measured and calculated ratios. This discrepancy may provide a reasonable measure of possible changes between the absorbed?dose to water determined by TG?51 and that determined by TG?21 for photon beam calibrations. The typical change in a 6 MV photon beam calibration following the implementation of the TG?51 protocol was about 1%, regardless of the chamber used, and the change was somewhat smaller for an 18 MV photon beam. On the other hand, the results for 9 and 16 MeV electron beams show larger changes up to 2%, perhaps because of the updated electron stopping power data used for the TG?51 protocol, in addition to the inherent 1% discrepancy presented in the calibration factors. The results also indicate that the changes may be dependent on the electron energy.PACS number(s): 87.66.?a, 87.53.?j äComparison between TG?51 and TG?21: Calibration of photon and electron(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing