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2016 ; 56 Suppl 2
(Suppl 2
): S110-4
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Rationale for the selective administration of tranexamic acid to inhibit
fibrinolysis in the severely injured patient
#MMPMID27100746
Moore EE
; Moore HB
; Gonzalez E
; Sauaia A
; Banerjee A
; Silliman CC
Transfusion
2016[Apr]; 56 Suppl 2
(Suppl 2
): S110-4
PMID27100746
show ga
Postinjury fibrinolysis can manifest as three distinguishable phenotypes: 1)
hyperfibrinolysis, 2) physiologic, and 3) hypofibrinolysis (shutdown).
Hyperfibrinolysis is associated with uncontrolled bleeding due to clot
dissolution; whereas, fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with organ dysfunction
due to microvascular occlusion. The incidence of fibrinolysis phenotypes at
hospital arrival in severely injured patients is: 1) hyperfibrinolysis 18%,
physiologic 18%, and shutdown 64%. The mechanisms responsible for dysregulated
fibrinolysis following injury remain uncertain. Animal work suggests
hypoperfusion promotes fibrinolysis, while tissue injury inhibits fibrinolysis.
Clinical experience is consistent with these observations. The predominant
mediator of postinjury hyperfibrinolysis appears to be tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA) released from ischemic endothelium. The effects of tPA are
accentuated by impaired hepatic clearance. Fibrinolysis shutdown, on the other
hand, may occur from inhibition of circulating tPA, enhanced clot strength
impairing the binding of tPA and plasminogen to fibrin, or the inhibition of
plasmin. Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1 (PAI-1) binding of circulating tPA
appears to be a major mechanism for postinjury shutdown. The sources of PAI-1
include endothelium, platelets, and organ parenchyma. The laboratory
identification of fibrinolysis phenotype, at this moment, is best determined with
viscoelastic hemostatic assays (TEG, ROTEM). While D-dimer and plasmin
antiplasmin (PAP) levels corroborate fibrinolysis, they do not provide real-time
assessment of the circulating blood capacity. Our clinical studies indicate that
fibrinolysis is a very dynamic process and our experimental work suggests plasma
first resuscitation reverses hyperfibrinolysis. Collectively, we believe recent
clinical and experimental work suggest antifibrinolytic therapy should be
employed selectively in the acutely injured patient, and optimally guided by TEG
or ROTEM.
|Animals
[MESH]
|Antifibrinolytic Agents/metabolism/therapeutic use
[MESH]