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2017 ; 9
(10
): 2098-2116
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A new mutation-independent approach to cancer therapy: Inhibiting oncogenic RAS
and MYC, by targeting mitochondrial biogenesis
#MMPMID29080556
Ozsvari B
; Sotgia F
; Lisanti MP
Aging (Albany NY)
2017[Oct]; 9
(10
): 2098-2116
PMID29080556
show ga
Here, we used MCF7 cells as a model system to interrogate how MYC/RAS
co-operativity contributes to metabolic flux and stemness in breast cancer cells.
We compared the behavior of isogenic MCF7 cell lines transduced with c-Myc or
H-Ras (G12V), either individually or in combination. Cancer stem cell (CSC)
activity was measured using the mammosphere assay. c-Myc augmented both
mammosphere formation and mitochondrial respiration, without any effects on
glycolytic flux. In contrast, H-Ras (G12V) synergistically augmented both
mammosphere formation and glycolysis, but only in combination with c-Myc,
directly demonstrating MYC/RAS co-operativity. As c-Myc is known to exert its
effects, in part, by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis, we next examined the
effects of another stimulus known to affect mitochondrial biogenesis, i.e. ROS
production. To pharmacologically induce oxidative stress, we used Rotenone (a
mitochondrial inhibitor) to target mitochondrial complex I. Treatment with
Rotenone showed bi-phasic effects; low-dose Rotenone (1 to 2.5 nM) elevated
mammosphere formation, while higher doses (10 to 100 nM) were inhibitory.
Importantly, the stimulatory effects of Rotenone on CSC propagation were blocked
using a mitochondrial-specific anti-oxidant, namely Mito-tempo. Thus, "mild"
mitochondrial oxidative stress, originating at Complex I, was sufficient to
pheno-copy the effects of c-Myc, effectively promoting CSC propagation. To
validate the idea that mitochondrial biogenesis is required to stimulate CSC
propagation, we employed Doxycycline, a well-established inhibitor of
mitochondrial protein translation. Treatment with Doxycycline was indeed
sufficient to block the stimulatory effects of H-Ras (G12V), c-Myc, and Rotenone
on CSC propagation. As such, Doxycycline provides a strong rationale for
designing new therapeutics to target mitochondrial biogenesis, suggesting a new
"mutation-independent" approach to cancer therapy. In support of this notion,
most currently successful anti-cancer agents therapeutically target "cell
phenotypes", such as increased cell proliferation, rather than specific genetic
mutations. Remarkably, we demonstrated that Doxycycline inhibits the effects of
diverse oncogenic stimuli, of both i) genetic (MYC/RAS) and ii) environmental
(Rotenone) origins. Finally, we discuss the advantages of our
"Proteomics-to-Genomics (PTG)" approach for in silico validation of new
biomarkers and novel drug targets. In this context, we developed a new Myc-based
Mito-Signature consisting of 3 mitochondrial genes (HSPD1; COX5B; TIMM44) for
effectively predicting tumor recurrence (HR=4.69; p=2.4e-08) and distant
metastasis (HR=4.94; p=2.8e-07), in ER(+) in breast cancer patients. This gene
signature could serve as a new companion diagnostic for the early prediction of
treatment failure in patients receiving hormonal therapy.