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2017 ; 19
(11
): 1579-1586
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Acute kidney injury, plasma lactate concentrations and lactic acidosis in
metformin users: A GoDarts study
#MMPMID28432751
Connelly PJ
; Lonergan M
; Soto-Pedre E
; Donnelly L
; Zhou K
; Pearson ER
Diabetes Obes Metab
2017[Nov]; 19
(11
): 1579-1586
PMID28432751
show ga
AIMS: Metformin is renally excreted and has been associated with the development
of lactic acidosis. Although current advice is to omit metformin during illnesses
that may increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), the evidence supporting
this is lacking. We investigated the relationship between AKI, lactate
concentrations and the risk of lactic acidosis in those exposed to metformin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We undertook a population-based case-control study of
lactic acidosis in 1746 participants with Type 2 diabetes and 846 individuals
without diabetes with clinically measured lactates with and without AKI between
1994 and 2014. AKI was stratified by severity according to "Kidney Disease:
Improving Global Outcomes" guidelines. Mixed-effects logistic and linear
regression were used to analyse lactic acidosis risk and lactate concentrations,
respectively. RESULTS: Eighty-two cases of lactic acidosis were identified. In
Type 2 diabetes, those treated with metformin had a greater incidence of lactic
acidosis [45.7 per 100?000 patient years; 95% confidence interval (CI) 35.9-58.3]
compared to those not exposed to this drug (11.8 per 100?000 patient years; 95%
CI 4.9-28.5). Lactate concentrations were 0.34?mmol/L higher in the
metformin-exposed cohort (P?.001). The risk of lactic acidosis was higher in
metformin users [odds ratio (OR) 2.3; P?=?.002] and increased with AKI severity
(stage 1: OR 3.0, P?=?.002; stage 2: OR 9.4, P?.001; stage 3: OR 16.1,
P?.001). CONCLUSIONS: A clear association was found between metformin, lactate
accumulation and the development of lactic acidosis. This relationship is
strongest in those with AKI. These results provide robust evidence to support
current recommendations to omit metformin in any illness that may precipitate
AKI.