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2017 ; 6
(9
): 943-957
Nephropedia Template TP
gab.com Text
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English Wikipedia
Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: Recent advances in knowledge and
technologies to understand disease pathogenesis
#MMPMID28951820
Chen C
; Cohrs CM
; Stertmann J
; Bozsak R
; Speier S
Mol Metab
2017[Sep]; 6
(9
): 943-957
PMID28951820
show ga
BACKGROUND: Plasma insulin levels are predominantly the product of the
morphological mass of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets of
Langerhans and the functional status of each of these beta cells. Thus,
deficiency in either beta cell mass or function, or both, can lead to
insufficient levels of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia and diabetes.
Nonetheless, the precise contribution of beta cell mass and function to the
pathogenesis of diabetes as well as the underlying mechanisms are still unclear.
In the past, this was largely due to the restricted number of technologies
suitable for studying the scarcely accessible human beta cells. However, in
recent years, a number of new platforms have been established to expand the
available techniques and to facilitate deeper insight into the role of human beta
cell mass and function as cause for diabetes and as potential treatment targets.
SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review discusses the current knowledge about contribution
of human beta cell mass and function to different stages of type 1 and type 2
diabetes pathogenesis. Furthermore, it highlights standard and newly developed
technological platforms for the study of human beta cell biology, which can be
used to increase our understanding of beta cell mass and function in human
glucose homeostasis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to early disease models,
recent studies suggest that in type 1 and type 2 diabetes impairment of beta cell
function is an early feature of disease pathogenesis while a substantial decrease
in beta cell mass occurs more closely to clinical manifestation. This suggests
that, in addition to beta cell mass replacement for late stage therapies, the
development of novel strategies for protection and recovery of beta cell function
could be most promising for successful diabetes treatment and prevention. The use
of today's developing and wide range of technologies and platforms for the study
of human beta cells will allow for a more detailed investigation of the
underlying mechanisms and will facilitate development of treatment approaches to
specifically target human beta cell mass and function.