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2017 ; 6
(9
): 974-990
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Systematic single-cell analysis provides new insights into heterogeneity and
plasticity of the pancreas
#MMPMID28951822
Tritschler S
; Theis FJ
; Lickert H
; Böttcher A
Mol Metab
2017[Sep]; 6
(9
): 974-990
PMID28951822
show ga
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss or dysfunction of
insulin-producing ?-cells in the pancreas, resulting in failure of blood glucose
regulation and devastating secondary complications. Thus, ?-cells are currently
the prime target for cell-replacement and regenerative therapy. Triggering
endogenous repair is a promising strategy to restore ?-cell mass and
normoglycemia in diabetic patients. Potential strategies include targeting
specific ?-cell subpopulations to increase proliferation or maturation.
Alternatively, transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells (e.g. ?- or
?-cells), extra-islet cells (acinar and ductal cells), hepatocytes, or intestinal
cells into insulin-producing cells might improve glycemic control. To this end,
it is crucial to systematically characterize and unravel the transcriptional
program of all pancreatic cell types at the molecular level in homeostasis and
disease. Furthermore, it is necessary to better determine the underlying
mechanisms of ?-cell maturation, maintenance, and dysfunction in diabetes, to
identify and molecularly profile endocrine subpopulations with regenerative
potential, and to translate the findings from mice to man. Recent approaches in
single-cell biology started to illuminate heterogeneity and plasticity in the
pancreas that might be targeted for ?-cell regeneration in diabetic patients.
SCOPE OF REVIEW: This review discusses recent literature on single-cell analysis
including single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell mass cytometry, and flow
cytometry of pancreatic cell types in the context of mechanisms of endogenous
?-cell regeneration. We discuss new findings on the regulation of postnatal
?-cell proliferation and maturation. We highlight how single-cell analysis
recapitulates described principles of functional ?-cell heterogeneity in animal
models and adds new knowledge on the extent of ?-cell heterogeneity in humans as
well as its role in homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, we summarize the
findings on cell subpopulations with regenerative potential that might enable the
formation of new ?-cells in diseased state. Finally, we review new data on the
transcriptional program and function of rare pancreatic cell types and their
implication in diabetes. MAJOR CONCLUSION: Novel, single-cell technologies offer
high molecular resolution of cellular heterogeneity within the pancreas and
provide information on processes and factors that govern ?-cell homeostasis,
proliferation, and maturation. Eventually, these technologies might lead to the
characterization of cells with regenerative potential and unravel
disease-associated changes in gene expression to identify cellular and molecular
targets for therapy.