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2017 ; 7
(1
): 10650
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Pleomorphic bacteria-like structures in human blood represent non-living membrane
vesicles and protein particles
#MMPMID28878382
Martel J
; Wu CY
; Huang PR
; Cheng WY
; Young JD
Sci Rep
2017[Sep]; 7
(1
): 10650
PMID28878382
show ga
Although human blood is believed to be a sterile environment, recent studies
suggest that pleomorphic bacteria exist in the blood of healthy humans. These
studies have led to the development of "live-blood analysis," a technique used by
alternative medicine practitioners to diagnose various human conditions,
including allergies, cancer, cardiovascular disease and septicemia. We show here
that bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles form in healthy human blood
observed under dark-field microscopy. These structures gradually increase in
number during incubation and show morphologies reminiscent of cells undergoing
division. Based on lipid analysis and Western blotting, we show that the
bacteria-like entities consist of membrane vesicles containing serum and exosome
proteins, including albumin, fetuin-A, apolipoprotein-A1, alkaline phosphatase,
TNFR1 and CD63. In contrast, the refringent particles represent protein
aggregates that contain several blood proteins. 16S rDNA PCR analysis reveals the
presence of bacterial DNA in incubated blood samples but also in negative
controls, indicating that the amplified sequences represent contaminants. These
results suggest that the bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles observed
in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates
derived from blood. The phenomena observed during live-blood analysis are
therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during
incubation ex vivo.