Sci Rep
2017[Sep]; 7
(1
): 10578
PMID28874749
show ga
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with numerous acute and chronic
degenerative diseases. The beta-2 adrenergic receptor (?(2)AR) agonist formoterol
induces mitochondrial biogenesis (MB), but other ?(2)AR agonists, such as
clenbuterol, do not. We sought to identify the MB signaling pathway of formoterol
and the differences in signaling between these two ligands that result in the
differential induction of MB. While formoterol and clenbuterol increased cAMP,
only formoterol increased the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream target
eNOS. The increase in Akt phosphorylation was G??- and PI3K-dependent, and the
increase in eNOS phosphorylation was G??- and Akt-dependent. Only formoterol
increased cGMP. Formoterol induced MB as measured by increases in uncoupled
cellular respiration and PGC-1? and NDUFS1 mRNA expression and was blocked by
inhibitors of G??, Akt, NOS, and soluble guanylate cyclase. To identify distinct
receptor-ligand interactions leading to these differences in signaling, we docked
formoterol and clenbuterol to six structures of the ?(2)AR. Compared to
clenbuterol, the methoxyphenyl group of formoterol interacted more frequently
with V114 and F193, while its formamide group interacted more frequently with
C191. These data indicate that the unique structural features of formoterol allow
it to interact with the ?(2)AR to activate the G??-Akt-eNOS-sGC pathway to induce
MB.
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