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10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00391 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00391 C5585003!5585003!28920093     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Heliyon 2017 ; 3 (8): ä Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=28920093|t=2017. Pyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats |pdf=|usr=}}{{28920093}} gab.com Text Pyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats JO: Heliyon http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28920093 #FOAvip Urine excreted from the common grey wolf (Canis lupus) contains a kairomone, inducing fear-related behaviors in various mammals. Numerous fear-inducing substances activate neurons at the main and/or accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus. Our previous study showed that the mixture of pyrazine analogues (P-mix) contained in wolf urine induced avoidance and fear-related behaviors in laboratory mice and Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis), a species native to Japan. Exposure to wolf urine or P-mix induced expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal excitation, in the AOB of mice. In the present study, we explored the effects of P-mix on fear-related behaviors and Fos-expression in rats. Exposure to P-mix induced avoidance and immobilization in rats, while that to a mixture of i-amyl acetate, linalool and R(+)-limonene (O-mix), which generate floral and fruity odors, induced avoidance but not immobilization. P-mix but not O-mix increased Fos-immunoreactivity of the AOB, medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus of rats. The present results suggest that P-mix odor induces unlearned fear-related behaviors in rats. Twit Text FOAVip Pyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats ????Heliyon http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28920093 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28920093 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28920093}}</ref> Pyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats #MMPMID28920093 Kashiwayanagi M; Miyazono S; Osada K Heliyon 2017[Aug]; 3 (8): ä PMID28920093show ga Urine excreted from the common grey wolf (Canis lupus) contains a kairomone, inducing fear-related behaviors in various mammals. Numerous fear-inducing substances activate neurons at the main and/or accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus. Our previous study showed that the mixture of pyrazine analogues (P-mix) contained in wolf urine induced avoidance and fear-related behaviors in laboratory mice and Hokkaido deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis), a species native to Japan. Exposure to wolf urine or P-mix induced expression of Fos, a marker of neuronal excitation, in the AOB of mice. In the present study, we explored the effects of P-mix on fear-related behaviors and Fos-expression in rats. Exposure to P-mix induced avoidance and immobilization in rats, while that to a mixture of i-amyl acetate, linalool and R(+)-limonene (O-mix), which generate floral and fruity odors, induced avoidance but not immobilization. P-mix but not O-mix increased Fos-immunoreactivity of the AOB, medial and central amygdala, and hypothalamus of rats. The present results suggest that P-mix odor induces unlearned fear-related behaviors in rats. äPyrazine analogues from wolf urine induced unlearned fear in rats (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing