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2017 ; 18
(8
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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Super-Resolution Localization Microscopy of ?-H2AX and Heterochromatin after
Folate Deficiency
#MMPMID28786938
Bach M
; Savini C
; Krufczik M
; Cremer C
; Rösl F
; Hausmann M
Int J Mol Sci
2017[Aug]; 18
(8
): ä PMID28786938
show ga
Folate is an essential water-soluble vitamin in food and nutrition supplements.
As a one-carbon source, it is involved in many central regulatory processes, such
as DNA, RNA, and protein methylation as well as DNA synthesis and repair.
Deficiency in folate is considered to be associated with an increased incidence
of several malignancies, including cervical cancer that is etiologically linked
to an infection with "high-risk" human papilloma viruses (HPV). However, it is
still not known how a recommended increase in dietary folate after its
deprivation affects the physiological status of cells. To study the impact of
folate depletion and its subsequent reconstitution in single cells, we used
quantitative chromatin conformation measurements obtained by super-resolution
fluorescence microscopy, i.e., single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). As
a read-out, we examined the levels and the (re)positioning of ?-H2AX tags and
histone H3K9me3 heterochromatin tags after immunostaining in three-dimensional
(3D)-conserved cell nuclei. As model, we used HPV16 positive immortalized human
keratinocytes that were cultivated under normal, folate deficient, and
reconstituted conditions for different periods of time. The results were compared
to cells continuously cultivated in standard folate medium. After 13 weeks in low
folate, an increase in the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX was noted,
indicative of an accumulation of DNA double strand breaks. DNA repair activity
represented by the formation of those ?-H2AX clusters was maintained during the
following 15 weeks of examination. However, the clustered arrangements of tags
appeared to relax in a time-dependent manner. Parallel to the repair activity,
the chromatin methylation activity increased as detected by H3K9me3 tags. The
progress of DNA double strand repair was accompanied by a reduction of the
detected nucleosome density around the ?-H2AX clusters, suggesting a shift from
hetero- to euchromatin to allow access to the repair machinery. In conclusion,
these data demonstrated a folate-dependent repair activity and chromatin
re-organization on the SMLM nanoscale level. This offers new opportunities to
further investigate folate-induced chromatin re-organization and the associated
mechanisms.