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2017 ; 5
(9
): 689-699
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Outcomes after adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism: an
international consensus on outcome measures and analysis of remission rates in an
international cohort
#MMPMID28576687
Williams TA
; Lenders JWM
; Mulatero P
; Burrello J
; Rottenkolber M
; Adolf C
; Satoh F
; Amar L
; Quinkler M
; Deinum J
; Beuschlein F
; Kitamoto KK
; Pham U
; Morimoto R
; Umakoshi H
; Prejbisz A
; Kocjan T
; Naruse M
; Stowasser M
; Nishikawa T
; Young WF Jr
; Gomez-Sanchez CE
; Funder JW
; Reincke M
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol
2017[Sep]; 5
(9
): 689-699
PMID28576687
show ga
BACKGROUND: Although unilateral primary aldosteronism is the most common
surgically correctable cause of hypertension, no standard criteria exist to
classify surgical outcomes. We aimed to create consensus criteria for clinical
and biochemical outcomes and follow-up of adrenalectomy for unilateral primary
aldosteronism and apply these criteria to an international cohort to analyse the
frequency of remission and identify preoperative determinants of successful
outcome. METHODS: The Primary Aldosteronism Surgical Outcome (PASO) study was an
international project to develop consensus criteria for outcomes and follow-up of
adrenalectomy for unilateral primary aldosteronism. An international panel of 31
experts from 28 centres, including six endocrine surgeons, used the Delphi method
to reach consensus. We then retrospectively analysed follow-up data from
prospective cohorts for outcome assessment of patients diagnosed with unilateral
primary aldosteronism by adrenal venous sampling who had undergone a total
adrenalectomy, consecutively included from 12 referral centres in nine countries.
On the basis of standardised criteria, we determined the proportions of patients
achieving complete, partial, or absent clinical and biochemical success in
accordance with the consensus. We then used logistic regression analyses to
identify preoperative factors associated with clinical and biochemical outcomes.
FINDINGS: Consensus was reached for criteria for six outcomes (complete, partial,
and absent success of clinical and biochemical outcomes) based on blood pressure,
use of antihypertensive drugs, plasma potassium and aldosterone concentrations,
and plasma renin concentrations or activities. Consensus was also reached for two
recommendations for the timing of follow-up assessment. For the international
cohort analysis, we analysed clinical data from 705 patients recruited between
1994 and 2015, of whom 699 also had biochemical data. Complete clinical success
was achieved in 259 (37%) of 705 patients, with a wide variance (range 17-62),
and partial clinical success in an additional 334 (47%, range 35-66); complete
biochemical success was seen in 656 (94%, 83-100) of 699 patients. Female
patients had a higher likelihood of complete clinical success (odds ratio [OR]
2ˇ25, 95% CI 1ˇ40-3ˇ62; p=0ˇ001) and clinical benefit (complete plus partial
clinical success; OR 2ˇ89, 1ˇ49-5ˇ59; p=0ˇ002) than male patients. Younger
patients had a higher likelihood of complete clinical success (OR 0ˇ95 per extra
year, 0ˇ93-0ˇ98; p<0ˇ001) and clinical benefit (OR 0ˇ95 per extra year,
0ˇ92-0ˇ98; p=0ˇ004). Higher levels of preoperative medication were associated
with lower levels of complete clinical success (OR 0ˇ80 per unit increase,
0ˇ70-0ˇ90; p<0ˇ001). INTERPRETATION: These standardised outcome criteria are
relevant for the assessment of the success of surgical treatment in individual
patients and will allow the comparison of outcome data in future studies. The
variable baseline clinical characteristics of our international cohort
contributed to wide variation in clinical outcomes. Most patients derive clinical
benefit from adrenalectomy, with younger patients and female patients more likely
to have a favourable surgical outcome. Screening for primary aldosteronism should
nonetheless be done in every individual fulfilling US Endocrine Society guideline
criteria because biochemical success without clinical success is by itself
clinically important and older women and men can also derive post-operative
clinical benefit. FUNDING: European Research Council; European Union's Horizon
2020; Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung; Netherlands Organisation for Health
Research and Development-Medical Sciences; Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour
and Welfare; Ministry of Health, Slovenia; US National Institutes of Health; and
CONICYT-FONDECYT (Chile).