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2017 ; 474
(9
): 1531-1546
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Transforming growth factor ? suppresses peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor ? expression via both SMAD binding and novel TGF-? inhibitory elements
#MMPMID28100650
Lakshmi SP
; Reddy AT
; Reddy RC
Biochem J
2017[Apr]; 474
(9
): 1531-1546
PMID28100650
show ga
Transforming growth factor ? (TGF-?) contributes to wound healing and, when
dysregulated, to pathological fibrosis. TGF-? and the anti-fibrotic nuclear
hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? (PPAR?) repress
each other's expression, and such PPAR? down-regulation is prominent in fibrosis
and mediated, via previously unknown SMAD-signaling mechanisms. Here, we show
that TGF-? induces the association of SMAD3 with both SMAD4, needed for
translocation of the complex into the nucleus, and the essential
context-sensitive co-repressors E2F4 and p107. The complex mediates TGF-?-induced
repression by binding to regulatory elements in the target promoter. In the PPARG
promoter, we found that the SMAD3-SMAD4 complex binds both to a previously
unknown consensus TGF-? inhibitory element (TIE) and also to canonical
SMAD-binding elements (SBEs). Furthermore, the TIE and SBEs independently
mediated the partial repression of PPARG transcription, the first demonstration
of a TIE and SBEs functioning within the same promoter. Also, TGF-?-treated
fibroblasts contained SMAD complexes that activated a SMAD target gene in
addition to those repressing PPARG transcription, the first finding of such dual
activity within the same cell. These findings describe in detail novel mechanisms
by which TGF-? represses PPARG transcription, thereby facilitating its own
pro-fibrotic activity.