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10.1186/s12974-017-0918-2 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1186/s12974-017-0918-2 C5525270!5525270 !28738878     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28738878 &cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! 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TLR4 response mediates ethanol-induced neurodevelopment alterations in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders |pdf=|usr=}}{{28738878 }} gab.com Text TLR4 response mediates ethanol-induced neurodevelopment alterations in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders JO: J Neuroinflammation http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28738878 #FOAvip BACKGROUND: Inflammation during brain development participates in the pathogenesis of early brain injury and cognitive dysfunctions. Prenatal ethanol exposure affects the developing brain and causes neural impairment, cognitive and behavioral effects, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Our previous studies demonstrate that ethanol activates the innate immune response and TLR4 receptor and causes neuroinflammation, brain damage, and cognitive defects in the developmental brain stage of adolescents. We hypothesize that by activating the TLR4 response, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy triggers the release of cytokines and chemokines in both the maternal sera and brains of fetuses/offspring, which impairs brain ontogeny and causes cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: WT and TLR4-KO female mice treated with or without 10% ethanol in the drinking water during gestation and lactation were used. Cytokine/chemokine levels were determined by ELISA in the amniotic fluid, maternal serum, and cerebral cortex, as well as in the offspring cerebral cortex. Microglial and neuronal markers (evaluated by western blotting), myelin proteins (immunohistochemical and western blotting) and synaptic parameters (western blotting and electron microscopy) were assessed in the cortices of the WT and TLR4-KO pups on PND 0, 20, and 66. Behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and passive avoidance) were performed in the WT and TLR4-KO mice on PND 66 exposed or not to ethanol. RESULTS: We show that alcohol intake during gestation and lactation increases the levels of several cytokines/chemokines (IL-1?, IL-17, MIP-1?, and fractalkine) in the maternal sera, amniotic fluid, and brains of fetuses and offspring. The upregulation of cytokines/chemokines is associated with an increase in activated microglia markers (CD11b and MHC-II), and with a reduction in some synaptic (synaptotagmin, synapsin IIa) and myelin (MBP, PLP) proteins in the brains of offspring on days 0, 20, and 66 (long-term effects). These changes are associated with long-term behavioral impairments, in the 66-day-old alcohol-exposed pups. TLR4-deficient mice are protected against ethanol-induced cytokine/chemokine production in alcohol-treated dams and offspring, along with synaptic and myelin alterations, and the log-term behavioral dysfunction induced by ethanol in offspring. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the immune system activation, through the TLR4 response, might play an important role in the neurodevelopmental defects in FASD. Twit Text FOAVip TLR4 response mediates ethanol-induced neurodevelopment alterations in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ????J Neuroinflammation http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28738878 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28738878 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28738878 }}</ref> TLR4 response mediates ethanol-induced neurodevelopment alterations in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders #MMPMID28738878 Pascual M ; Montesinos J ; Montagud-Romero S ; Forteza J ; Rodríguez-Arias M ; Miñarro J ; Guerri C J Neuroinflammation 2017[Jul]; 14 (1 ): 145 PMID28738878 show ga BACKGROUND: Inflammation during brain development participates in the pathogenesis of early brain injury and cognitive dysfunctions. Prenatal ethanol exposure affects the developing brain and causes neural impairment, cognitive and behavioral effects, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Our previous studies demonstrate that ethanol activates the innate immune response and TLR4 receptor and causes neuroinflammation, brain damage, and cognitive defects in the developmental brain stage of adolescents. We hypothesize that by activating the TLR4 response, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy triggers the release of cytokines and chemokines in both the maternal sera and brains of fetuses/offspring, which impairs brain ontogeny and causes cognitive dysfunction. METHODS: WT and TLR4-KO female mice treated with or without 10% ethanol in the drinking water during gestation and lactation were used. Cytokine/chemokine levels were determined by ELISA in the amniotic fluid, maternal serum, and cerebral cortex, as well as in the offspring cerebral cortex. Microglial and neuronal markers (evaluated by western blotting), myelin proteins (immunohistochemical and western blotting) and synaptic parameters (western blotting and electron microscopy) were assessed in the cortices of the WT and TLR4-KO pups on PND 0, 20, and 66. Behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and passive avoidance) were performed in the WT and TLR4-KO mice on PND 66 exposed or not to ethanol. RESULTS: We show that alcohol intake during gestation and lactation increases the levels of several cytokines/chemokines (IL-1?, IL-17, MIP-1?, and fractalkine) in the maternal sera, amniotic fluid, and brains of fetuses and offspring. The upregulation of cytokines/chemokines is associated with an increase in activated microglia markers (CD11b and MHC-II), and with a reduction in some synaptic (synaptotagmin, synapsin IIa) and myelin (MBP, PLP) proteins in the brains of offspring on days 0, 20, and 66 (long-term effects). These changes are associated with long-term behavioral impairments, in the 66-day-old alcohol-exposed pups. TLR4-deficient mice are protected against ethanol-induced cytokine/chemokine production in alcohol-treated dams and offspring, along with synaptic and myelin alterations, and the log-term behavioral dysfunction induced by ethanol in offspring. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the immune system activation, through the TLR4 response, might play an important role in the neurodevelopmental defects in FASD. |Age Factors [MESH] |Animals [MESH] |Animals, Newborn [MESH] |Avoidance Learning [MESH] |Body Weight/physiology [MESH] |Brain/growth & development/metabolism/pathology/ultrastructure [MESH] |Central Nervous System Depressants/*toxicity [MESH] |Cytokines/metabolism [MESH] |Developmental Disabilities/*etiology/genetics [MESH] |Disease Models, Animal [MESH] |Ethanol/*toxicity [MESH] |Female [MESH] |Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/etiology/pathology/*physiopathology [MESH] |Male [MESH] |Maternal Behavior/physiology [MESH] |Maze Learning [MESH] |Mice [MESH] |Mice, Inbred C57BL [MESH] |Mice, Knockout [MESH] |Microscopy, Electron [MESH] |Myelin Proteins/metabolism [MESH] |Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism [MESH] |Pregnancy [MESH] |Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/chemically induced/*physiopathology [MESH]TLR4 response mediates ethanol-induced neurodevelopment alterations in(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing