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2017 ; 8
(5
): e2789
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Halofuginone dually regulates autophagic flux through nutrient-sensing pathways
in colorectal cancer
#MMPMID28492544
Chen GQ
; Gong RH
; Yang DJ
; Zhang G
; Lu AP
; Yan SC
; Lin SH
; Bian ZX
Cell Death Dis
2017[May]; 8
(5
): e2789
PMID28492544
show ga
Autophagy has a key role in metabolism and impacts on tumorigenesis. Our previous
study found that halofuginone (HF) exerts anticancer activity in colorectal
cancer (CRC) by downregulating Akt/mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin
complex 1) signaling pathway. But whether and how HF regulates autophagy and
metabolism to inhibit cancer growth remains an open question. Here, we unveil
that HF activates ULK1 by downregulation of its phosphorylation site at Ser757
through Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway, resulting in induction of autophagic flux
under nutrient-rich condition. On the other hand, HF inactivates ULK1 by
downregulation of its phosphorylation sites at Ser317 and Ser777 through
LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway, resulting in autophagic inhibition under
nutrient-poor condition. Furthermore, Atg7-dependent autophagosome formation is
also induced under nutrient-rich condition or blocked in nutrient-poor
environment, respectively, upon HF treatment. More interestingly, we also found
that HF inhibits glycolysis under nutrient-rich condition, whereas inhibits
gluconeogenesis under nutrient-poor condition in an Atg7-dependent manner,
suggesting that autophagy has a pivotal role of glucose metabolism upon HF
treatment. Subsequent studies showed that HF treatment retarded tumor growth in
xenograft mice fed with either standard chow diet or caloric restriction through
dual regulation of autophagy in vivo. Together, HF has a dual role in autophagic
modulation depending on nutritional conditions for anti-CRC.