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10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9 C5517843!5517843 !28724393     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28724393 &cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! 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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice |pdf=|usr=}}{{28724393 }} gab.com Text Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice JO: Genome Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28724393 #FOAvip BACKGROUND: The spread of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a major threat to global health. It is widely recognised that the widespread use of antibiotics has generated selective pressures that have driven the emergence of resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first observed in 1960, less than one year after the introduction of this second generation beta-lactam antibiotic into clinical practice. Epidemiological evidence has always suggested that resistance arose around this period, when the mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance carried on an SCCmec element, was horizontally transferred to an intrinsically sensitive strain of S. aureus. RESULTS: Whole genome sequencing a collection of the first MRSA isolates allows us to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the archetypal MRSA. We apply Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction to infer the time point at which this early MRSA lineage arose and when SCCmec was acquired. MRSA emerged in the mid-1940s, following the acquisition of an ancestral type I SCCmec element, some 14 years before the first therapeutic use of methicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Methicillin use was not the original driving factor in the evolution of MRSA as previously thought. Rather it was the widespread use of first generation beta-lactams such as penicillin in the years prior to the introduction of methicillin, which selected for S. aureus strains carrying the mecA determinant. Crucially this highlights how new drugs, introduced to circumvent known resistance mechanisms, can be rendered ineffective by unrecognised adaptations in the bacterial population due to the historic selective landscape created by the widespread use of other antibiotics. Twit Text FOAVip Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice ????Genome Biol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28724393 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28724393 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28724393 }}</ref> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice #MMPMID28724393 Harkins CP ; Pichon B ; Doumith M ; Parkhill J ; Westh H ; Tomasz A ; de Lencastre H ; Bentley SD ; Kearns AM ; Holden MTG Genome Biol 2017[Jul]; 18 (1 ): 130 PMID28724393 show ga BACKGROUND: The spread of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a major threat to global health. It is widely recognised that the widespread use of antibiotics has generated selective pressures that have driven the emergence of resistant strains. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was first observed in 1960, less than one year after the introduction of this second generation beta-lactam antibiotic into clinical practice. Epidemiological evidence has always suggested that resistance arose around this period, when the mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance carried on an SCCmec element, was horizontally transferred to an intrinsically sensitive strain of S. aureus. RESULTS: Whole genome sequencing a collection of the first MRSA isolates allows us to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the archetypal MRSA. We apply Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction to infer the time point at which this early MRSA lineage arose and when SCCmec was acquired. MRSA emerged in the mid-1940s, following the acquisition of an ancestral type I SCCmec element, some 14 years before the first therapeutic use of methicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Methicillin use was not the original driving factor in the evolution of MRSA as previously thought. Rather it was the widespread use of first generation beta-lactams such as penicillin in the years prior to the introduction of methicillin, which selected for S. aureus strains carrying the mecA determinant. Crucially this highlights how new drugs, introduced to circumvent known resistance mechanisms, can be rendered ineffective by unrecognised adaptations in the bacterial population due to the historic selective landscape created by the widespread use of other antibiotics. |Bacterial Proteins/genetics [MESH] |Bayes Theorem [MESH] |Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics [MESH] |Evolution, Molecular [MESH] |History, 20th Century [MESH] |Humans [MESH] |Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/*genetics [MESH] |Methicillin/history/*pharmacology [MESH] |Penicillin-Binding Proteins/genetics [MESH] |Phylogeny [MESH]Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the in(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing