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2017 ; 292
(27
): 11485-11498
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Insights into the mechanism of cystatin C oligomer and amyloid formation and its
interaction with ?-amyloid
#MMPMID28487367
Perlenfein TJ
; Mehlhoff JD
; Murphy RM
J Biol Chem
2017[Jul]; 292
(27
): 11485-11498
PMID28487367
show ga
Cystatin C (CysC) is a versatile and ubiquitously-expressed member of the
cysteine protease inhibitor family that is present at notably high concentrations
in cerebrospinal fluid. Under mildly denaturing conditions, CysC forms inactive
domain-swapped dimers. A destabilizing mutation, L68Q, increases the rate of
domain-swapping and causes a fatal amyloid disease, hereditary cystatin C amyloid
angiopathy. Wild-type (wt) CysC will also aggregate into amyloid fibrils under
some conditions. Propagated domain-swapping has been proposed as the mechanism by
which CysC fibrils grow. We present evidence that a CysC mutant, V57N, stabilized
against domain-swapping, readily forms fibrils, contradicting the propagated
domain-swapping hypothesis. Furthermore, in physiological buffer, wt CysC can
form oligomers without undergoing domain-swapping. These non-swapped oligomers
are identical in secondary structure to CysC monomers and completely retain
protease inhibitory activity. However, unlike monomers or dimers, the oligomers
bind fluorescent dyes that indicate they have characteristics of pre-amyloid
aggregates. Although these oligomers appear to be a pre-amyloid assembly, they
are slower than CysC monomers to form fibrils. Fibrillation of CysC therefore
likely initiates from the monomer and does not require domain-swapping. The
non-swapped oligomers likely represent a dead-end offshoot of the amyloid pathway
and must dissociate to monomers prior to rearranging to amyloid fibrils. These
prefibrillar CysC oligomers were potent inhibitors of aggregation of the
Alzheimer's-related peptide, ?-amyloid. This result illustrates an example where
heterotypic interactions between pre-amyloid oligomers prevent the homotypic
interactions that would lead to mature amyloid fibrils.