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.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117 J+Nephrol
2016 ; 29
(3
): 277-303
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A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the
Italian Study Group on Kidney and Pregnancy
#MMPMID26988973
Cabiddu G
; Castellino S
; Gernone G
; Santoro D
; Moroni G
; Giannattasio M
; Gregorini G
; Giacchino F
; Attini R
; Loi V
; Limardo M
; Gammaro L
; Todros T
; Piccoli GB
J Nephrol
2016[Jun]; 29
(3
): 277-303
PMID26988973
show ga
Pregnancy is increasingly undertaken in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD) and, conversely, CKD is increasingly diagnosed in pregnancy: up to 3 % of
pregnancies are estimated to be complicated by CKD. The heterogeneity of CKD
(accounting for stage, hypertension and proteinuria) and the rarity of several
kidney diseases make risk assessment difficult and therapeutic strategies are
often based upon scattered experiences and small series. In this setting, the aim
of this position statement of the Kidney and Pregnancy Study Group of the Italian
Society of Nephrology is to review the literature, and discuss the experience in
the clinical management of CKD in pregnancy. CKD is associated with an increased
risk for adverse pregnancy-related outcomes since its early stage, also in the
absence of hypertension and proteinuria, thus supporting the need for a
multidisciplinary follow-up in all CKD patients. CKD stage, hypertension and
proteinuria are interrelated, but they are also independent risk factors for
adverse pregnancy-related outcomes. Among the different kidney diseases, patients
with glomerulonephritis and immunologic diseases are at higher risk of developing
or increasing proteinuria and hypertension, a picture often difficult to
differentiate from preeclampsia. The risk is higher in active immunologic
diseases, and in those cases that are detected or flare up during pregnancy.
Referral to tertiary care centres for multidisciplinary follow-up and tailored
approaches are warranted. The risk of maternal death is, almost exclusively,
reported in systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis, which share with
diabetic nephropathy an increased risk for perinatal death of the babies.
Conversely, patients with kidney malformation, autosomal-dominant polycystic
kidney disease, stone disease, and previous upper urinary tract infections are at
higher risk for urinary tract infections, in turn associated with prematurity. No
risk for malformations other than those related to familiar urinary tract
malformations is reported in CKD patients, with the possible exception of
diabetic nephropathy. Risks of worsening of the renal function are differently
reported, but are higher in advanced CKD. Strict follow-up is needed, also to
identify the best balance between maternal and foetal risks. The need for further
multicentre studies is underlined.