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2017 ; 21
(6
): 1058-1072
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Autophagy: an adaptive physiological countermeasure to cellular senescence and
ischaemia/reperfusion-associated cardiac arrhythmias
#MMPMID27997746
Lekli I
; Haines DD
; Balla G
; Tosaki A
J Cell Mol Med
2017[Jun]; 21
(6
): 1058-1072
PMID27997746
show ga
Oxidative stress placed on tissues that involved in pathogenesis of a disease
activates compensatory metabolic changes, such as DNA damage repair that in turn
causes intracellular accumulation of detritus and 'proteotoxic stress', leading
to emergence of 'senescent' cellular phenotypes, which express high levels of
inflammatory mediators, resulting in degradation of tissue function. Proteotoxic
stress resulting from hyperactive inflammation following reperfusion of ischaemic
tissue causes accumulation of proteinaceous debris in cells of the heart in ways
that cause potentially fatal arrhythmias, in particular ventricular fibrillation
(VF). An adaptive response to VF is occurrence of autophagy, an intracellular
bulk degradation of damaged macromolecules and organelles that may restore
cellular and tissue homoeostasis, improving chances for recovery. Nevertheless,
depending on the type and intensity of stressors and inflammatory responses,
autophagy may become pathological, resulting in excessive cell death. The present
review examines the multilayered defences that cells have evolved to reduce
proteotoxic stress by degradation of potentially toxic material beginning with
endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response,
which are mechanisms for removal from the endoplasmic reticulum of misfolded
proteins, and then progressing through the stages of autophagy, including
descriptions of autophagosomes and related vesicular structures which process
material for degradation and autophagy-associated proteins including Beclin-1 and
regulatory complexes. The physiological roles of each mode of proteotoxic defence
will be examined along with consideration of how emerging understanding of
autophagy, along with a newly discovered regulatory cell type called telocytes,
may be used to augment existing strategies for the prevention and management of
cardiovascular disease.