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2017 ; 61
(2
): 246-269
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Surviving the Lunacy Act of 1890: English Psychiatrists and Professional
Development during the Early Twentieth Century
#MMPMID28260566
Takabayashi A
Med Hist
2017[Apr]; 61
(2
): 246-269
PMID28260566
show ga
In recent decades, historians of English psychiatry have shifted their major
concerns away from asylums and psychiatrists in the nineteenth century. This is
also seen in the studies of twentieth-century psychiatry where historians have
debated the rise of psychology, eugenics and community care. This shift in
interest, however, does not indicate that English psychiatrists became passive
and unimportant actors in the last century. In fact, they promoted Lunacy Law
reform for a less asylum-dependent mode of psychiatry, with a strong emphasis on
professional development. This paper illustrates the historical dynamics around
the professional development of English psychiatry by employing Andrew Abbott's
concept of professional development. Abbott redefines professional development as
arising from both abstraction of professional knowledge and competition regarding
professional jurisdiction. A profession, he suggests, develops through continuous
re-formation of its occupational structure, mode of practice and political
language in competing with other professional and non-professional forces. In
early twentieth-century England, psychiatrists promoted professional development
by framing political discourse, conducting a daily trade and promoting new
legislation to defend their professional jurisdiction. This professional
development story began with the Lunacy Act of 1890, which caused a professional
crisis in psychiatry and led to inter-professional competition with
non-psychiatric medical service providers. To this end, psychiatrists devised a
new political rhetoric, 'early treatment of mental disorder', in their
professional interests and succeeded in enacting the Mental Treatment Act of
1930, which re-instated psychiatrists as masters of English psychiatry.