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2017 ; 6
(3
): 100-110
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Role of different imaging modalities of vascular calcification in predicting
outcomes in chronic kidney disease
#MMPMID28540199
Disthabanchong S
; Boongird S
World J Nephrol
2017[May]; 6
(3
): 100-110
PMID28540199
show ga
Vascular calcification (VC) is common among patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD). The severity of VC is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular
events and mortality. Risk factors for VC include traditional cardiovascular risk
factors as well as CKD-related risk factors such as increased calcium and
phosphate load. VC is observed in arteries of all sizes from small arterioles to
aorta, both in the intima and the media of arterial wall. Several imaging
techniques have been utilized in the evaluation of the extent and the severity of
VC. Plain radiographs are simple and readily available but with the limitation of
decreased sensitivity and subjective and semi-quantitative quantification
methods. Mammography, especially useful among women, offers a unique way to study
breast arterial calcification, which is largely a medial-type calcification.
Ultrasonography is suitable for calcification in superficial arteries. Analyses
of wall thickness and lumen size are also possible. Computed tomography (CT)
scan, the gold standard, is the most sensitive technique for evaluation of VC. CT
scan of coronary artery calcification is not only useful for cardiovascular risk
stratification but also offers an accurate and an objective analysis of the
severity and progression.