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2017 ; 8
(ä): 399
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NF-?B Pathway in Autoinflammatory Diseases: Dysregulation of Protein
Modifications by Ubiquitin Defines a New Category of Autoinflammatory Diseases
#MMPMID28469620
Aksentijevich I
; Zhou Q
Front Immunol
2017[]; 8
(ä): 399
PMID28469620
show ga
Autoinflammatory diseases are caused by defects in genes that regulate the innate
immunity. Recently, the scope of autoinflammation has been broadened to include
diseases that result from dysregulations in protein modifications by the highly
conserved ubiquitin (Ub) peptides. Thus far these diseases consist of linear
ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and OTULIN deficiencies, and
haploinsufficiency of A20. The LUBAC is critical for linear ubiquitination of key
signaling molecules in immune response pathways, while deubiquitinase enzymes,
OTULIN and TNFAIP3/A20, reverse the effects of ubiquitination by hydrolyzing
linear (Met1) and Lys63 (K63) Ub moieties, respectively, from conjugated
proteins. Consequently, OTULIN or A20-deficient cells have an excess of Met1 or
K63 Ub chains on NEMO, RIPK1, and other target substrates, which lead to
constitutive activation of the NF-kB pathway. Mutant cells produce elevated
levels of many proinflammatory cytokines and respond to therapy with cytokine
inhibitors. Patients with an impairment in LUBAC stability have compromised NF-kB
responses in non-immune cells such as fibroblasts, while their monocytes are
hyperresponsive to IL-1?. Discoveries of germline mutations in enzymes that
regulate protein modifications by Ub define a new category of autoinflammatory
diseases caused by upregulations in the NF-kB signaling. The primary aim of this
review is to summarize the latest developments in our understanding of the
etiology of autoinflammation.