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2017 ; 12
(4
): e0175769
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The sense of balance in humans: Structural features of otoconia and their
response to linear acceleration
#MMPMID28406968
Kniep R
; Zahn D
; Wulfes J
; Walther LE
PLoS One
2017[]; 12
(4
): e0175769
PMID28406968
show ga
We explored the functional role of individual otoconia within the otolith system
of mammalians responsible for the detection of linear accelerations and head
tilts in relation to the gravity vector. Details of the inner structure and the
shape of intact human and artificial otoconia were studied using environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), including decalcification by
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to discriminate local calcium carbonate
density. Considerable differences between the rhombohedral faces of human and
artificial otoconia already indicate that the inner architecture of otoconia is
not consistent with the point group -3m. This is clearly confirmed by decalcified
otoconia specimen which are characterized by a non-centrosymmetric volume
distribution of the compact 3+3 branches. This structural evidence for asymmetric
mass distribution was further supported by light microscopy in combination with a
high speed camera showing the movement of single otoconia specimen (artificial
specimen) under gravitational influence within a viscous medium (artificial
endolymph). Moreover, the response of otoconia to linear acceleration forces was
investigated by particle dynamics simulations. Both, time-resolved microscopy and
computer simulations of otoconia acceleration show that the dislocation of
otoconia include significant rotational movement stemming from density asymmetry.
Based on these findings, we suggest an otolith membrane expansion/stiffening
mechanism for enhanced response to linear acceleration transmitted to the
vestibular hair cells.
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