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2017 ; 12
(4
): e0173340
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Prioritising surveillance for alien organisms transported as stowaways on ships
travelling to South Africa
#MMPMID28379957
Faulkner KT
; Robertson MP
; Rouget M
; Wilson JR
PLoS One
2017[]; 12
(4
): e0173340
PMID28379957
show ga
The global shipping network facilitates the transportation and introduction of
marine and terrestrial organisms to regions where they are not native, and some
of these organisms become invasive. South Africa was used as a case study to
evaluate the potential for shipping to contribute to the introduction and
establishment of marine and terrestrial alien species (i.e. establishment debt)
and to assess how this varies across shipping routes and seasons. As a proxy for
the number of species introduced (i.e. 'colonisation pressure') shipping movement
data were used to determine, for each season, the number of ships that visited
South African ports from foreign ports and the number of days travelled between
ports. Seasonal marine and terrestrial environmental similarity between South
African and foreign ports was then used to estimate the likelihood that
introduced species would establish. These data were used to determine the
seasonal relative contribution of shipping routes to South Africa's marine and
terrestrial establishment debt. Additionally, distribution data were used to
identify marine and terrestrial species that are known to be invasive elsewhere
and which might be introduced to each South African port through shipping routes
that have a high relative contribution to establishment debt. Shipping routes
from Asian ports, especially Singapore, have a particularly high relative
contribution to South Africa's establishment debt, while among South African
ports, Durban has the highest risk of being invaded. There was seasonal variation
in the shipping routes that have a high relative contribution to the
establishment debt of the South African ports. The presented method provides a
simple way to prioritise surveillance effort and our results indicate that, for
South Africa, port-specific prevention strategies should be developed, a large
portion of the available resources should be allocated to Durban, and seasonal
variations and their consequences for prevention strategies should be explored
further.