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2017 ; 3
(3
): 232-243
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On the Mechanism of Cytoprotection by Ferrostatin-1 and Liproxstatin-1 and the
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Ferroptotic Cell Death
#MMPMID28386601
Zilka O
; Shah R
; Li B
; Friedmann Angeli JP
; Griesser M
; Conrad M
; Pratt DA
ACS Cent Sci
2017[Mar]; 3
(3
): 232-243
PMID28386601
show ga
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis associated with the iron-dependent
accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides that may play a key role in the pathogenesis
of degenerative diseases in which lipid peroxidation has been implicated.
High-throughput screening efforts have identified ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and
liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) as potent inhibitors of ferroptosis - an activity that has
been ascribed to their ability to slow the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides.
Herein we demonstrate that this activity likely derives from their reactivity as
radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs) rather than their potency as inhibitors of
lipoxygenases. Although inhibited autoxidations of styrene revealed that Fer-1
and Lip-1 react roughly 10-fold more slowly with peroxyl radicals than reactions
of ?-tocopherol (?-TOH), they were significantly more reactive than ?-TOH in
phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers - consistent with the greater potency of Fer-1
and Lip-1 relative to ?-TOH as inhibitors of ferroptosis. None of Fer-1, Lip-1,
and ?-TOH inhibited human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) overexpressed in HEK-293
cells when assayed at concentrations where they inhibited ferroptosis. These
results stand in stark contrast to those obtained with a known 15-LOX-1 inhibitor
(PD146176), which was able to inhibit the enzyme at concentrations where it was
effective in inhibiting ferroptosis. Given the likelihood that Fer-1 and Lip-1
subvert ferroptosis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation as RTAs, we evaluated the
antiferroptotic potential of 1,8-tetrahydronaphthyridinols (hereafter THNs):
rationally designed radical-trapping antioxidants of unparalleled reactivity. We
show for the first time that the inherent reactivity of the THNs translates to
cell culture, where lipophilic THNs were similarly effective to Fer-1 and Lip-1
at subverting ferroptosis induced by either pharmacological or genetic inhibition
of the hydroperoxide-detoxifying enzyme Gpx4 in mouse fibroblasts, and
glutamate-induced death of mouse hippocampal cells. These results demonstrate
that potent RTAs subvert ferroptosis and suggest that lipid peroxidation
(autoxidation) may play a central role in the process.