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2017 ; 8
(ä): 313
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The Impact of the Interferon/TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Axis
on Disease Progression in Respiratory Viral Infection and Beyond
#MMPMID28382038
Peteranderl C
; Herold S
Front Immunol
2017[]; 8
(ä): 313
PMID28382038
show ga
Interferons (IFNs) are well described to be rapidly induced upon
pathogen-associated pattern recognition. After binding to their respective IFN
receptors and activation of the cellular JAK/signal transducer and activator of
transcription signaling cascade, they stimulate the transcription of a plethora
of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected as well as bystander cells such as the
non-infected epithelium and cells of the immune system. ISGs may directly act on
the invading pathogen or can either positively or negatively regulate the innate
and adaptive immune response. However, IFNs and ISGs do not only play a key role
in the limitation of pathogen spread but have also been recently found to provoke
an unbalanced, overshooting inflammatory response causing tissue injury and
hampering repair processes. A prominent regulator of disease outcome, especially
in-but not limited to-respiratory viral infection, is the IFN-dependent mediator
TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) produced by several cell types
including immune cells such as macrophages or T cells. First described as an
apoptosis-inducing agent in transformed cells, it is now also well established to
rapidly evoke cellular stress pathways in epithelial cells, finally leading to
caspase-dependent or -independent cell death. Hereby, pathogen spread is limited;
however in some cases, also the surrounding tissue is severely harmed, thus
augmenting disease severity. Interestingly, the lack of a strictly controlled and
well balanced IFN/TRAIL signaling response has not only been implicated in viral
infection but might furthermore be an important determinant of disease
progression in bacterial superinfections and in chronic respiratory illness.
Conclusively, the IFN/TRAIL signaling axis is subjected to a complex modulation
and might be exploited for the evaluation of new therapeutic concepts aiming at
attenuation of tissue injury.