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10.1080/16066359.2016.1247812 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1080/16066359.2016.1247812 C5360166!5360166!28392755     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534       Addict+Res+Theory 2017 ; 25 (3): 236-42 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=28392755|t=2017. Confounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research |pdf=|usr=}}{{28392755}} gab.com Text Confounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research JO: Addict Res Theory http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28392755 #FOAvip Background: The effectiveness of treatment for people with substance use disorders is usually examined using longitudinal cohorts. In these studies, treatment is often considered as a time-varying exposure. The aim of this commentary is to examine confounding in this context, when the confounding variable is time-invariant and when it is time-varying.Method: Types of confounding are described with examples and illustrated using path diagrams. Simulations are used to demonstrate the direction of confounding bias and the extent that it is accounted for using standard regression adjustment techniques.Results: When the confounding variable is time invariant or time varying and not influenced by prior treatment, then standard adjustment techniques are adequate to control for confounding bias, provided that in the latter scenario the time-varying form of the variable is used. When the confounder is time varying and affected by prior treatment status (i.e. it is a mediator of treatment), then standard methods of adjustment result in inconsistency.Conclusions: In longitudinal cohorts where treatment exposure is time varying, confounding is an issue which should be considered, even if treatment exposure is initially randomized. In these studies, standard methods of adjustment may result be inadequate, even when all confounders have been identified. This occurs when the confounder is also a mediator of treatment. This is a likely scenario in many studies in addiction. Twit Text FOAVip Confounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research ????Addict Res Theory http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28392755 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28392755 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28392755}}</ref> Confounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research #MMPMID28392755 Pierce M; Dunn G; Millar T Addict Res Theory 2017[May]; 25 (3): 236-42 PMID28392755show ga Background: The effectiveness of treatment for people with substance use disorders is usually examined using longitudinal cohorts. In these studies, treatment is often considered as a time-varying exposure. The aim of this commentary is to examine confounding in this context, when the confounding variable is time-invariant and when it is time-varying.Method: Types of confounding are described with examples and illustrated using path diagrams. Simulations are used to demonstrate the direction of confounding bias and the extent that it is accounted for using standard regression adjustment techniques.Results: When the confounding variable is time invariant or time varying and not influenced by prior treatment, then standard adjustment techniques are adequate to control for confounding bias, provided that in the latter scenario the time-varying form of the variable is used. When the confounder is time varying and affected by prior treatment status (i.e. it is a mediator of treatment), then standard methods of adjustment result in inconsistency.Conclusions: In longitudinal cohorts where treatment exposure is time varying, confounding is an issue which should be considered, even if treatment exposure is initially randomized. In these studies, standard methods of adjustment may result be inadequate, even when all confounders have been identified. This occurs when the confounder is also a mediator of treatment. This is a likely scenario in many studies in addiction. äConfounding in longitudinal studies in addiction treatment research (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing