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2016 ; 24
(4
): 481-510
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Der ignorante Staat Oder: Wie westliche Modernitätsvorstellungen zur
Innovationsbremse städtischer Wasserversorgungsinfrastrukturen in Afrika wurden
#MMPMID28251246
Nilsson D
NTM
2016[Dec]; 24
(4
): 481-510
PMID28251246
show ga
In contrast to the European historical experience, Africa's urban infrastructural
systems are characterised by stagnation long before demand has been saturated.
Water infrastructures have been stabilised as systems predominantly providing
services for elites, with millions of poor people lacking basic services in the
cities. What is puzzling is that so little emphasis has been placed on innovation
and the adaptation of the colonial technological paradigm to better suit the
local and current socio-economic contexts. Based on historical case studies of
Kampala and Nairobi, this paper argues that the lack of innovation in African
urban water infrastructure can be understood using Pinch and Bijker's concept of
technological closure, and by looking at water technology from its embedded
values and ideology. Large-scale water technology became part of African leaders'
strategies to build prosperous nations and cities after decolonisation and the
ideological purpose of infrastructure may have been much more important than
previously understood. Water technology had reached a state of closure in Europe
and then came to represent modernisation and progress in the colonial context. It
has continued to serve such a similar symbolic purpose after independence, with
old norms essentially being preserved. Recent sector reforms have defined
problems predominantly as of economic and institutional nature while state actors
have become 'unseeing' vis-á-vis controversies within the technological systems
themselves. In order to induce socio-technical innovation towards equality in
urban infrastructure services, it will be necessary to understand the broader
incentive structure that governs the relevant social groups, such as governments,
donors, water suppliers and the consumers, as well as power-structures and
political accountability.
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