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2016 ; 7
(49
): 80450-80464
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Acrolein preferentially damages nucleolus eliciting ribosomal stress and
apoptosis in human cancer cells
#MMPMID27741518
Wang HT
; Chen TY
; Weng CW
; Yang CH
; Tang MS
Oncotarget
2016[Dec]; 7
(49
): 80450-80464
PMID27741518
show ga
Acrolein (Acr) is a potent cytotoxic and DNA damaging agent which is ubiquitous
in the environment and abundant in tobacco smoke. Acr is also an active cytotoxic
metabolite of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. The
mechanisms via which Acr exerts its anti-cancer activity and cytotoxicity are not
clear. In this study, we found that Acr induces cytotoxicity and cell death in
human cancer cells with different activities of p53. Acr preferentially binds
nucleolar ribosomal DNA (rDNA) to form Acr-deoxyguanosine adducts, and induces
oxidative damage to both rDNA and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Acr triggers ribosomal
stress responses, inhibits rRNA synthesis, reduces RNA polymerase I binding to
the promoter of rRNA gene, disrupts nucleolar integrity, and impairs ribosome
biogenesis and polysome formation. Acr causes an increase in MDM2 levels and
phosphorylation of MDM2 in A549 and HeLa cells which are p53 active and p53
inactive, respectively. It enhances the binding of ribosomal protein RPL11 to
MDM2 and reduces the binding of p53 and E2F-1 to MDM2 resulting in
stabilization/activation of p53 in A549 cells and degradation of E2F-1 in A549
and HeLa cells. We propose that Acr induces ribosomal stress which leads to
activation of MDM2 and RPL11-MDM2 binding, consequently, activates p53 and
enhances E2F-1 degradation, and that taken together these two processes induce
apoptosis and cell death.