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2016 ; 2
(ä): 7
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Toxins as biological weapons for terror-characteristics, challenges and medical
countermeasures: a mini-review
#MMPMID28265441
Berger T
; Eisenkraft A
; Bar-Haim E
; Kassirer M
; Aran AA
; Fogel I
Disaster Mil Med
2016[]; 2
(ä): 7
PMID28265441
show ga
Toxins are hazardous biochemical compounds derived from bacteria, fungi, or
plants. Some have mechanisms of action and physical properties that make them
amenable for use as potential warfare agents. Currently, some toxins are
classified as potential biological weapons, although they have several
differences from classic living bio-terror pathogens and some similarities to
manmade chemical warfare agents. This review focuses on category A and B
bio-terror toxins recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
Botulinum neurotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Clostridium perfringens
epsilon toxin, and ricin. Their derivation, pathogenesis, mechanism of action,
associated clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in
detail. Given their expected covert use, the primary diagnostic challenge in
toxin exposure is the early detection of morbidity clusters, apart from
background morbidity, after a relatively short incubation period. For this
reason, it is important that clinicians be familiar with the clinical
manifestations of toxins and the appropriate methods of management and
countermeasures.