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2016 ; 7
(40
): 65514-65539
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c-Myc targeted regulators of cell metabolism in a transgenic mouse model of
papillary lung adenocarcinoma
#MMPMID27602772
Ciribilli Y
; Singh P
; Inga A
; Borlak J
Oncotarget
2016[Oct]; 7
(40
): 65514-65539
PMID27602772
show ga
c-Myc's role in pulmonary cancer metabolism is uncertain. We therefore
investigated c-Myc activity in papillary lung adenocarcinomas (PLAC). Genomics
revealed 90 significantly regulated genes (> 3-fold) coding for cell growth, DNA
metabolism, RNA processing and ribosomal biogenesis and bioinformatics defined
c-Myc binding sites (TFBS) at > 95% of up-regulated genes. EMSA assays at 33
novel TFBS evidenced DNA binding activity and ChIP-seq data retrieved from public
repositories confirmed these to be c-Myc bound. Dual-luciferase gene reporter
assays developed for RNA-Terminal-Phosphate-Cyclase-Like-1(RCL1),
Ribosomal-Protein-SA(RPSA), Nucleophosmin/Nucleoplasmin-3(NPM3) and
Hexokinase-1(HK1) confirmed c-Myc functional relevance and ChIP assays with
HEK293T cells over-expressing ectopic c-Myc demonstrated enriched c-Myc occupancy
at predicted TFBS for RCL1, NPM3, HK1 and RPSA. Note, c-Myc recruitment on
chromatin was comparable to the positive controls CCND2 and CDK4. Computational
analyses defined master regulators (MR), i.e. heterogeneous nuclear
ribonucleoprotein A1, nucleolin, the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1,
triosephosphate-isomerase 1, folate transporter (SLC19A1) and nucleophosmin to
influence activity of up to 90% of PLAC-regulated genes. Their expression was
induced by 3-, 3-, 6-, 3-, 11- and 7-fold, respectively. STRING analysis
confirmed protein-protein-interactions of regulated genes and Western
immunoblotting of fatty acid synthase, serine hydroxyl-methyltransferase 1,
arginine 1 and hexokinase 2 showed tumor specific induction. Published knock down
studies confirmed these proteins to induce apoptosis by disrupting neoplastic
lipogenesis, by endorsing uracil accumulation and by suppressing arginine
metabolism and glucose-derived ribonucleotide biosynthesis. Finally,
translational research demonstrated high expression of MR and of 47 PLAC
up-regulated genes to be associated with poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma
patients (HR 3.2 p < 0.001) thus, providing a rationale for molecular targeted
therapies in PLACs.