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10.3389/fimmu.2017.00154 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00154 C5311052!5311052 !28261212     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28261212 &cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 215 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 233.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\28261212 .jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Front+Immunol 2017 ; 8 (ä): 154 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=28261212 |t=2017. ?2?1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and?-Independent Fashion |pdf=|usr=}}{{28261212 }} gab.com Text 2 1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Fashion JO: Front Immunol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28261212 #FOAvip It has been shown in vitro that only specific dietary fibers contribute to immunity, but studies in vivo are not conclusive. Here, we investigated degree of polymerization (DP) dependent effects of ?2?1-fructans on immunity via microbiota-dependent and -independent effects. To this end, conventional or germ-free mice received short- or long-chain ?2?1-fructan for 5?days. Immune cell populations in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs) were analyzed with flow cytometry, genome-wide gene expression in the ileum was measured with microarray, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples. We found that ?2?1-fructans modulated immunity by both microbiota and microbiota-independent effects. Moreover, effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans type polymer. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans enhanced T-helper 1 cells in PPs, whereas only short-chain ?2?1-fructans increased regulatory T cells and CD11b(-)CD103(-) dendritic cells (DCs) in the MLN. A common feature after short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructan treatment was enhanced 2-alpha-l-fucosyltransferase 2 expression and other IL-22-dependent genes in the ileum of conventional mice. These effects were not associated with shifts in gut microbiota composition, or altered production of short-chain fatty acids. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans also induced immune effects in germ-free animals, demonstrating direct effect independent from the gut microbiota. Also, these effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans. Short-chain ?2?1-fructan induced lower CD80 expression by CD11b(-)CD103(-) DCs in PPs, whereas long-chain ?2?1-fructan specifically modulated B cell responses in germ-free mice. In conclusion, support of immunity is determined by the chemical structure of ?2?1-fructans and is partially microbiota independent. Twit Text FOAVip 2 1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and -Independent Fashion ????Front Immunol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28261212 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28261212 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28261212 }}</ref> ?2?1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Dependent and?-Independent Fashion #MMPMID28261212 Fransen F ; Sahasrabudhe NM ; Elderman M ; Bosveld M ; El Aidy S ; Hugenholtz F ; Borghuis T ; Kousemaker B ; Winkel S ; van der Gaast-de Jongh C ; de Jonge MI ; Boekschoten MV ; Smidt H ; Schols HA ; de Vos P Front Immunol 2017[]; 8 (ä): 154 PMID28261212 show ga It has been shown in vitro that only specific dietary fibers contribute to immunity, but studies in vivo are not conclusive. Here, we investigated degree of polymerization (DP) dependent effects of ?2?1-fructans on immunity via microbiota-dependent and -independent effects. To this end, conventional or germ-free mice received short- or long-chain ?2?1-fructan for 5?days. Immune cell populations in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and Peyer's patches (PPs) were analyzed with flow cytometry, genome-wide gene expression in the ileum was measured with microarray, and gut microbiota composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples. We found that ?2?1-fructans modulated immunity by both microbiota and microbiota-independent effects. Moreover, effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans type polymer. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans enhanced T-helper 1 cells in PPs, whereas only short-chain ?2?1-fructans increased regulatory T cells and CD11b(-)CD103(-) dendritic cells (DCs) in the MLN. A common feature after short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructan treatment was enhanced 2-alpha-l-fucosyltransferase 2 expression and other IL-22-dependent genes in the ileum of conventional mice. These effects were not associated with shifts in gut microbiota composition, or altered production of short-chain fatty acids. Both short- and long-chain ?2?1-fructans also induced immune effects in germ-free animals, demonstrating direct effect independent from the gut microbiota. Also, these effects were dependent on the chain-length of the ?2?1-fructans. Short-chain ?2?1-fructan induced lower CD80 expression by CD11b(-)CD103(-) DCs in PPs, whereas long-chain ?2?1-fructan specifically modulated B cell responses in germ-free mice. In conclusion, support of immunity is determined by the chemical structure of ?2?1-fructans and is partially microbiota independent. ä?2?1-Fructans Modulate the Immune System In Vivo in a Microbiota-Depen(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing