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2017 ; 8
(ä): 17
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Histological Architecture Underlying Brain-Immune Cell-Cell Interactions and the
Cerebral Response to Systemic Inflammation
#MMPMID28154566
Shimada A
; Hasegawa-Ishii S
Front Immunol
2017[]; 8
(ä): 17
PMID28154566
show ga
Although the brain is now known to actively interact with the immune system under
non-inflammatory conditions, the site of cell-cell interactions between brain
parenchymal cells and immune cells has been an open question until recently.
Studies by our and other groups have indicated that brain structures such as the
leptomeninges, choroid plexus stroma and epithelium, attachments of choroid
plexus, vascular endothelial cells, cells of the perivascular space,
circumventricular organs, and astrocytic endfeet construct the histological
architecture that provides a location for intercellular interactions between bone
marrow-derived myeloid lineage cells and brain parenchymal cells under
non-inflammatory conditions. This architecture also functions as the interface
between the brain and the immune system, through which systemic
inflammation-induced molecular events can be relayed to the brain parenchyma at
early stages of systemic inflammation during which the blood-brain barrier is
relatively preserved. Although brain microglia are well known to be activated by
systemic inflammation, the mechanism by which systemic inflammatory challenge and
microglial activation are connected has not been well documented. Perturbed
brain-immune interaction underlies a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric
disorders including ischemic brain injury, status epilepticus, repeated social
defeat, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease. Proinflammatory status associated with cytokine imbalance is
involved in autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and depression. In this
article, we propose a mechanism connecting systemic inflammation, brain-immune
interface cells, and brain parenchymal cells and discuss the relevance of basic
studies of the mechanism to neurological disorders with a special emphasis on
sepsis-associated encephalopathy and preterm brain injury.