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2016 ; 89
(4
): 487-497
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Friend or Foe: Epigenetic Regulation of Retrotransposons in Mammalian Oogenesis
and Early Development
#MMPMID28018140
Evsikov AV
; Marín de Evsikova C
Yale J Biol Med
2016[Dec]; 89
(4
): 487-497
PMID28018140
show ga
Epigenetics is the study of phenotypic variation arising from developmental and
environmental factors regulating gene transcription at molecular, cellular, and
physiological levels. A naturally occurring biological process driven by
epigenetics is the egg-to-embryo developmental transition when two fully
differentiated adult cells - egg and sperm - revert to an early stem cell type
with totipotency but subsequently differentiates into pluripotent embryonic stem
cells that give rise to any cell type. Transposable elements (TEs) are active in
mammalian oocytes and early embryos, and this activity, albeit counterintuitive
because TEs can lead to genomic instability in somatic cells, correlates to
successful development. TEs bridge genetic and epigenetic landscapes because TEs
are genetic elements whose silencing and de-repression are regulated by
epigenetic mechanisms that are sensitive to environmental factors. Ultimately,
transposition events can change size, content, and function of mammalian genomes.
Thus, TEs act beyond mutagenic agents reshuffling the genomes, and epigenetic
regulation of TEs may act as a proximate mechanism by which evolutionary forces
increase a species' hidden reserve of epigenetic and phenotypic variability
facilitating the adaptation of genomes to their environment.