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A PGC1?-mediated transcriptional axis suppresses melanoma metastasis #MMPMID27580028
Luo C; Lim JH; Lee Y; Granter SR; Thomas A; Vazquez F; Widlund HR; Puigserver P
Nature 2016[Sep]; 537 (7620): 422-6 PMID27580028show ga
Melanoma is the deadliest form of commonly encountered skin cancers because of its rapid progression towards metastasis1,2. Although metabolic reprogramming is tightly associated with tumor progression, whether metabolic regulatory circuits affect metastatic processes is poorly understood. PGC1? is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, protects against oxidative stress3, and reprograms melanoma metabolism to influence drug sensitivity and survival4,5. Here, we provide data to indicate that PGC1? suppresses melanoma metastasis, acting through a pathway distinct from its bioenergetic functions. Elevated PGC1? expression inversely correlates with vertical growth in human melanomas. PGC1? silencing makes nonmetastatic melanoma cells highly invasive and conversely, PGC1? reconstitution suppresses metastasis. Within populations of melanoma cells, there is a marked heterogeneity in PGC1? levels, which predicts their inherent high or low metastatic capacity. Mechanistically, PGC1? directly increases transcription of ID2, which in turn binds to and inactivates the transcription factor TCF4. Inactive TCF4 causes downregulation of metastasis-related genes including integrins that are known to influence invasion and metastasis6?8. Inhibition of BRAFV600E using vemurafenib9, independently of its cytostatic effects, suppresses metastasis by acting on the PGC1?-ID2-TCF4-integrin axis. Taken together, our findings reveal that PGC1? maintains mitochondrial energetic metabolism and suppresses metastasis through direct regulation of parallel acting transcriptional programs. Consequently, components of these circuits define new therapeutic opportunities that may help curb melanoma metastasis.