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2017 ; 140
(1
): 149-162
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Epstein-Barr virus mRNA profiles and viral DNA methylation status in
nasopharyngeal brushings from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients reflect tumor
origin
#MMPMID27600027
Ramayanti O
; Juwana H
; Verkuijlen SA
; Adham M
; Pegtel MD
; Greijer AE
; Middeldorp JM
Int J Cancer
2017[Jan]; 140
(1
): 149-162
PMID27600027
show ga
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is 100% associated with
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as oncogenic driver. NPC is often diagnosed late due to
initial vague complaints and obscured location. Prior studies suggest that
measurement of EBV DNA load and RNA transcripts in nasopharyngeal (NP) brushings
is useful for minimally invasive NPC diagnosis. However, whether these EBV
markers relate to local virus replication or reflect tumor origin remains to be
demonstrated. To resolve this, we analysed EBV-DNA characteristics and quantified
latent and lytic viral RNA transcripts in NP brushings and matching frozen
NP-biopsy specimens from patients suspected of having NPC. We observed
non-fragmented and Cp-promotor methylated EBV-DNA in both NP brushings and
biopsies suggestive of tumor origin. Using quantitative RT-PCR we determined
expression levels of 7 critical latent (EBER1, Qp-EBNA1, EBNA2, BART, LMP1, LMP2,
BARF1) and 5 lytic (Zta, Rta, TK, PK and VCA-p18) RNA transcripts. Although
latent and early lytic RNA transcripts were frequently detected in conjunction
with high EBV viral load, in both brushings and biopsies the latent transcripts
prevailed and reflected a typical NPC-associated latency-II transcription profile
without EBNA2. Late lytic RNA transcripts were rare and detected at low levels
mainly in NP brushings, suggestive of abortive viral reactivation rather than
complete virus replication. EBV-IgA serology (EBNA1, VCA, Zta) did not correlate
to the level of viral reactivation in situ. Overall, viral RNA profiling, DNA
fragmentation and methylation analysis in NP brushings and parallel biopsies
indicate that NP brush sampling provides a true and robust indicator of NPC tumor
presence.