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Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 209.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Cell 2016 ; 167 (5): 1188-200 Nephropedia Template TP
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Insulated neighborhoods: structural and functional units of mammalian gene control #MMPMID27863240
Hnisz D; Day DS; Young RA
Cell 2016[Nov]; 167 (5): 1188-200 PMID27863240show ga
Understanding how transcriptional enhancers control over 20,000 protein-coding genes to maintain cell type-specific gene expression programs in all human cells is a fundamental challenge in regulatory biology. Recent studies suggest that gene regulatory elements and their target genes generally occur within insulated neighborhoods, which are chromosomal loop structures formed by the interaction of two DNA sites bound by the CTCF protein and occupied by the cohesin complex. We review here evidence that insulated neighborhoods provide for specific enhancer-gene interactions, are essential for both normal gene activation and repression, form a chromosome scaffold that is largely preserved throughout development, and are perturbed by genetic and epigenetic factors in disease. Insulated neighborhoods are a powerful paradigm for gene control that provides new insights into development and disease.